Odysseus story Essay Example for Free

Odysseus story EssaySOME ARE monsters, some are slaves, some are beautiful and cunning women and some are powerful kings. In Homeric literature, a character is either good or bad depending on their xenia or shape (e.g. Charybdis). However, from reading The Odyssey, one place see the admirable characters and the not so admirable characters. Such characters have either good or bad xenia, old or young, male or female, some can be a menial as a slave (such as Eumaeus) and some can be as great as a troy hero and king (such as Nestor). This is an exploration of whether or not Eumaeus is the most admirable character in The Odyssey or not.We first meet Odysseus swineherd in Book Fourteen in the porch of his hut. He had been caring for Odysseus property during his absence. Odysseus appears to him as a beggar and despite the status that such person has, Eumaeus being further a servant understands xenia and entertains Odysseus by preparing a feast for him.In Book Fourteen, Eumaeus grieve s not only for the loss of Odysseus scarcely also for Telemachus who had gone to find his father. It is benefit from Book Sixteen, that Eumaeus loves Telemachus like a father loves a son as when he returns he drops everything and kisses Telemachus and cries with pleasure of his safe return to Ithaca.He shows respect for his know in Book Fourteen, another admirable trait, when he says to the disguised Odysseus that servants cant give admirable gifts when they work in fear of their oerpowering masters. This shows that Eumaeus understands his place an Odysseus and Telemachus two recognise this and treat Eumaeus with great respect.One could argue that Homer created Eumaeus as the most admirable character as there is a not in Book Fourteen that claims that Homer loved his created character and sometimes the literature speaks directly to Eumaeus.After Eumaeus prayer that Odysseus may return, Odysseus feels that it is right that he should reveal his prick and prove that he is with the m. The text says that Eumaeus is overwhelmed to see his master again and is weeping and kissing him so much, that if Odysseus hadnt stopped them, it would have gone on all sidereal day and all night This shows a great and respecting love for the pouf of Ithaca.Eumaeus speaks out, bravely (or foolishly some could argue) against the Suitors. This shows bravery in his character as well as loyalty and love. He is truly characterised as a noble and respectable person. He also helps in the execution of the maidservants and the mutilation of Melanthius.All of the above describe how admirable Eumaeus is and there is not a point in the text when he is not admirable, loving, human body or brave. However, there are other admirable characters in The Odyssey.I would argue that King Nestor of Pylos, a hero against Troy with Odysseus, is an admirable character in The Odyssey. He is a very generous horde and actually is so generous and so loyal to xenia that in Book Fifteen, Telemachus pleads w ith Nestors son, Peisistratus (Telemachus Patroclus type character) to not let him see Telemachus, as he will withhold him against his will with his passion for hospitality Some could argue that this in its self is an abuse of xenia.Nestor also stops Telemachus from sleeping on his hollowed ship and says that he should sleep in the palace. This shows true loyalty to xenia. Before this however, Nestor believes that Telemachus even looks like Odysseus and tells Telemachus of his faith in him. This shows a caring for his friends family. Nestor is even kind enough to let his son act as a friend and guardian to Telemachus on his journeys.Nestors character is one of great caring and compassion and he looks out for Telemachus as a father would look out for a son and I think that this is a truly admirable trait of King Nestor.Another admirable character is Antinous and Aretes daughter, Nausicaa, princess of Phaeacia. She meets Odysseus when he has been washed up on the shore of the island and is wearing no more than a fig leaf over his genitalia. Anyone would have thought him mad or overly promiscuous, however, despite her first impressions, the young woman hears of Odysseus story and shows pity on the great man in his miserable deposit. She orders her ladies to bathe him and even tells him how to get into the city and speak with her father, Antinous through his wife Arete). With all this guidance she shows mercy on a man in a state where others would have either ran or jeered at him. This shows a merciful character in Nausicaa and for such a young girl she has an consciousness of xenia.She falls in love with Odysseus and she is even offered by Antinous as a wife for Odysseus, but Odysseus is having none of it and just wants his presents and one of their good ships to go place in.Nausicaa demonstrates mercy on Odysseus in the only time we see him as being so disparate and needy for help. The only time when he loses acquaint and the only time really when all he ha s are his articulate words to help him out of situation. This shows that Nausicaa probably knew that Odysseus was a great man and that his state would have de-motivated him so the very fact that she shows such compassion towards him shows that she sympathises with his situation. This I believe is a very admirable thing to do and shows great cognizance for someone so young.Therefore, Eumaeus is one of the most admirable but not the most. Nestor and Nausicaa, both explored above are equally as admirable but in slightly different ways. Eumaeus admiralty comes from his loyalty to Odysseus and his want to defend his right to be loyal. Nestor is admirable for his hospitality and the way he speaks of Odysseus and the help that he gives to Telemachus on his journey to track down his father. Lastly, Nausicaa is admirable as she is able to trust a man that others would have thought bonkers. He appears to her naked and she accepts his cartwheel and mercifully helps him due to his articulate speech. Homer has truly created some of the greatest characters in the world of literature and these good and admirable persons are part of the broad enjoyment one has when one reads his Odyssey.

Facing Harsh Realities Essay Example for Free

Facing Harsh Realities EssayThe recognition and acceptance of truth and reality is a recurring theme in books because it is such an enigmatic issue in human life. A highly discussed subject of human experience, our perception and acceptance of reality defines and determines how we see our life, and how we choose to croak our life. This very subject is revealed and discussed in the novel written by Ralph Ellison entitled, Invisible Man.Ellison introduces the protagonist as an unnamed character who insists calling himself an invisible man, (page ) struggling to bust truths and realities about his life as an African-American. In the commencement ceremony of the story, he is portrayed as a naive young man who believes that being meek and meek are the key characteristics needed by an African-American to better his life. His first struggle with this dilemma is illustrated in the cruel scene when the protagonist is forced to exact part in a game called battle royal wherein he is pitted against other young African-Americans in a boxing match.The game is impose upon the boys, who are degraded into being fighting beasts eager to please their master, the dominant white man. Despite the circumstances, the protagonist moves on to please the white men. At the death of the cruel event, the reward of a scholarship makes the protagonist feel content and happy on the surface and yet, his mind struggles with the moral and racial injustice do to him by the white men, as revealed in his dream of his grandfathers mockery and warning.This is the first instance that the protagonist is struggling with the reality that the seeming bounty of white men is actually a masked transgression against the African-American race, and against his very own person. His encounter with this harsh piece of reality is just the beginning of his awakening, because as the novel unfolds from this battle royal scene, the struggle for recognizing and accepting the truth may be surely won, but fr om this very point, it is a long modal value off.

Japanese Industrialization and Economic Growth Essay Example for Free

lacquerese Industrialization and economical evolution Essayjapan achieved sustained developing in per capita income amidst the 1880s and 1970 by means of industrialization. Moving a vast an income maturation trajectory through expansion of manufacturing is hardly unique. Indeed Hesperian Europe, Canada, Australia and the coupled States all achieve b avenue(prenominal) levels of income per capita by shifting from agrarian-based work to manufacturing and technologically sophisticated service sector activity. Still, there are four distinctive features of japans development through industrialization that merit discussionThe proto-industrial baseJapans agricultural productivity was high enough to sustain substantial craft (proto-industrial) a mannerturn in both inelegant and urban areas of the country prior to industrialization. Investment-led growthDomestic investiture in industry and infrastructure was the driving force behind growth in Japanese output. both(preno minal) offstage and public sectors invested in infrastructure, national and local g everyplacenments serving as coordinating agents for infrastructure build-up. * Investment in manufacturing capacitor was hugely left to the private sector. * Rising national savings made increasing ceiling accrual possible. * Japanese growth was investment-led, not export-led.Total factor productivity growth achieving more than output per unit of input was rapid. On the supply side, total factor productivity growth was extremely important. Scale economies the reduction in per unit cost due to increased levels of output contributed to total factor productivity growth. Scale economies existed due to geographical concentration, to growth of the national rescue, and to growth in the output of exclusive companies. In addition, companies moved down the learning curve, trim down unit costs as their cumulative output rose and demand for their product soared. The mixer capacity for importing and adapting unusual technology improved and this contributed to total factor productivity growth * At the household level, investing in education of children improved social capability.* At the firm level, creating internalized intentness markets that bound firms to workers and workers to firms, thereby giving workers a strong incentive to flexibly adapt to new technology, improved social capability. * At the regime level, industrial policy that reduced the cost to private firms of securing foreign technology enhanced social capacity. Shifting out of low-productivity culture into high productivity manufacturing, mining, and construction contributed to total factor productivity growth.DualismSharply segmented fag and capital markets emerged in Japan after the 1910s. The capital intensive sector enjoying high ratios of capital to delve paid relatively high wages, and the crusade intensive sector paid relatively low wages. Dualism contributed to income inequality and therefor e to domestic social unrest. After 1945 a series of public policy re practices addressed inequality and erased much of the social bitterness around dualism that ravaged Japan prior to earth War II. The quietus of this article will expand on a number of the themes mentioned above. The appendix reviews quantitative evidence concerning these points. The conclusion of the article lists references that provide a wealth of detailed evidence supporting the points above, which this article can only begin to explore. The Legacy of Autarky and the Proto-Industrial Economy Achievements of Tokugawa Japan (1600-1868)why Japan? abandoned the relatively poor record of countries outside the European cultural area few achieving the kind of catch-up growth Japan managed between 1880 and 1970 the question naturally arises wherefore Japan? After all, when the United States forcibly unresolved Japan in the 1850s and Japan was forced to cede extra-territorial rights to a number of Western nations a s had china earlier in the 1840s, many Westerners and Japanese alike thought Japans prospects seemed dim indeed.Tokugawa achievements urbanization, road networks, rice cultivation, craft production In answering this question, Mosk (2001), Minami (1994) and Ohkawa and Rosovsky (1973) emphasize the achievements of Tokugawa Japan (1600-1868) during a long point in time of closed country autarky between the mid-seventeenth century and the 1850s a high level of urbanization well essential road networks the channeling of river water flow with embankments and the extensive elaboration of irrigation ditches that supported and promote the refinement of rice cultivation based upon improving seed varieties, fertilizers and planting methods peculiarly in the souwest with its relatively long growing season the development of proto-industrial (craft) production by merchant houses in the major cities like Osaka and Edo ( right away called Tokyo) and its diffusion to inelegant areas after 170 0 and the promotion of education and population control among both the phalanx elite (the samurai) and the well-to-do peasantry in the eighteenth and first nineteenth centuries. Tokugawa political economy daimyo and shogunThese developments were inseparable from the political economy of Japan. The system of confederation government introduced at the end of the fifteenth century placed certain index numbers in the hands of feudalistic warlords, daimyo, and certain formers in the hands of the shogun, the almost powerful of the warlords. Each daimyo and the shogun was assigned a geographic region, a domain, being habituated taxation authority over the peasants residing in the villages of the domain. Intercourse with foreign powers was monopolized by the shogun, thereby preventing daimyo from cementing alliances with other countries in an effort to overthrow the central government. The samurai military retainers of thedaimyo were forced to abandon rice floriculture and reside in the castle town headquarters of their daimyo overlord.In exchange, samurai received rice stipends from the rice taxes collected from the villages of their domain. By removingsamurai from the countryside by demilitarizing rural areas conflicts over local water rights were sizeablely made a thing of the past. As a result irrigation ditches were extended throughout the valleys, and riverbanks were shored up with stone embankments, facilitating transport and preventing flooding. The sustained growth of proto-industrialization in urban Japan, and its widespread diffusion to villages after 1700 was also inseparable from the productivity growth in paddy rice production and the growing of industrial crops like tea, fruit, mulberry plant growing (that sustained the raising of silk cocoons) and cotton. Indeed, Smith (1988) has given pride of place to these domestic sources of Japans future industrial success.Readiness to simulate the WestAs a result of these domestic advances, Japan wa s well positioned to take up the Western challenge. It harnessed its infrastructure, its high level of literacy, and its proto-industrial distribution networks to the confinement of emulating Western organizational forms and Western techniques in energy production, first and foremost enlisting inorganic energy sources like coal and the other fossil fuels to produce locomote power. Having intensively developed the organic economy depending upon natural energy flows like wind, water and fire, Japanese were quite prepared to master inorganic production after the Black Ships of the Americans forced Japan to jettison its long-standing autarky.From Balanced to Dualistic Growth, 1887-1938 Infrastructure and Manufacturing Expand Fukoku KyoheiAfter the Tokugawa government collapsed in 1868, a new Meiji government committed to the twin policies of fukoku kyohei (wealthy country/strong military) took up the challenge of renegotiating its treaties with the Western powers. It created infrastr ucture that facilitated industrialization. It built a modern navy and army that could keep the Western powers at bay and establish a protective buffer zone in North East Asia that eventually formed the basis for a burgeoning Japanese empire in Asia and the Pacific. Central government reforms in education, finance and transportation Jettisoning the confederation style government of the Tokugawa era, the new leaders of the new Meiji government fashion a unitary state with powerful ministries consolidating authority in the capital, Tokyo.The freshly minted Ministry of Education promoted compulsory primary schooling for the great deales and elite university education aimed at deepening engineering and scientific knowledge. The Ministry of Finance created the Bank of Japan in 1882, laying the foundations for a private banking system backed up a loaner of last resort. The government began building a steam railroad trunk line girding the four major islands, encouraging private companies to participate in the project. In particular, the national government committed itself to constructing a Tokaido line connecting the Tokyo/Yokohama region to the Osaka/Kobe conurbation along the Pacific coastline of the main island of Honshu, and to creating deepwater harbors at Yokohama and Kobe that could accommodate deep-hulled steamships. Not surprisingly, the merchants in Osaka, the merchant capital of Tokugawa Japan, already well versed in proto-industrial production, turned to harnessing steam and coal, investing heavily in integrated spinning and weaving steam-driven fabric mills during the 1880s.Diffusion of best- commit agricultureAt the same time, the abolition of the three hundred or so feudal fiefs that were the backbone of confederation style-Tokugawa rule and their integrating into politically weak prefectures, chthonian a strong national government that virtually monopolized taxation authority, gave a strong push to the diffusion of best practice agricultural tech nique. The nationwide diffusion of seed varieties developed in the Southwest fiefs of Tokugawa Japan spearheaded a substantial improvement in agricultural productivity especially in the Northeast. Simultaneously, expansion of agriculture using traditional Japanese technology agriculture and manufacturing using imported Western technology resulted.Balanced growthGrowth at the close of the nineteenth century was balanced in the sense that traditional and modern technology using sectors grew at roughly equal rates, and labor especially young girls recruited out of farm households to labor in the steam using textile mills flowed back and forth between rural and urban Japan at wages that were roughly equal in industrial and agricultural pursuits.Geographic economies of scale in the Tokaido beltConcentration of industrial production first in Osaka and subsequently throughout the Tokaido belt fostered powerful geographic scale economies (the ability to reduce per unit costs as output lev els increase), trim the costs of securing energy, raw materials and access to global markets for enterprises located in the great harbor metropolises stretching from the massive Osaka/Kobe complex northward to the teeming Tokyo/Yokohama conurbation. between 1904 and 1911, electrification mainly due to the proliferation of intercity electrical railroads created economies of scale in the nascent industrial belt facing outward onto the Pacific. The consolidation of two huge hydroelectric power grids during the 1920s one servicing Tokyo/Yokohama, the other Osaka and Kobe further solidified the comparative advantage of the Tokaido industrial belt in factory production. Finally, the widening and sidewalk during the 1920s of roads that could handle buses and trucks was also pioneered by the great metropolises of the Tokaido, which further bolstered their relative advantage in per capita infrastructure.Organizational economies of scale zaibatsuIn addition to geographic scale economies, organizational scale economies also became increasingly important in the late nineteenth centuries. The formation of the zaibatsu (financial cliques), which gradually evolved into diversified industrial combines tied in concert through central holding companies, is a expression in point. By the 1910s these had evolved into highly diversified combines, binding together enterprises in banking and insurance, trading companies, mining concerns, textiles, urge and steel plants, and machinery manufactures. By channeling profits from older industries into new lines of activity like electrical machinery manufacturing, the zaibatsu form of organization generated scale economies in finance, spate and manufacturing, drastically reducing information-gathering and transactions costs. By attracting relatively scare managerial and entrepreneurial talent, the zaibatsu format economized on human resources.ElectrificationThe push into electrical machinery production during the 1920s had a subverte r impact on manufacturing. Effective exploitation of steam power required the use of large central steam engines simultaneously driving a large number of machines power looms and mules in a spinning/weaving plant for instance throughout a factory. Small enterprises did not mechanize in the steam era. But with electrification the unit drive system of mechanization spread. Each machine could be powered up independently of one another. Mechanization spread promptly to the smallest factory.Emergence of the dualistic economyWith the drive into heavy industries chemicals, iron and steel, machinery the demand for skilled labor that would flexibly respond to rapid changes in technique soared. with child(p) firms in these industries began offering premium wages and guarantees of employment in good times and bad as a way of motivating and holding onto precious workers. A dualistic economy emerged during the 1910s. Small firms, light industry and agriculture offered relatively low wages . Large enterprises in the heavy industries offered much more gilded remuneration, extending paternalistic benefits like company housing and company welfare programs to their internal labor markets. As a result a widening gulf opened up between the great metropolitan centers of the Tokaido and rural Japan. Income per head was far higher in the great industrial centers than in the hinterland.Clashing urban/rural and landlord/tenant interestsThe economic strains of emergent dualism were amplified by the slowing down of technological progress in the agricultural sector, which had exhaustively reaped the benefits due to regional diffusion from the Southwest to the Northeast of best practice Tokugawa rice cultivation. Landlords around 45% of the cultivable rice paddy land in Japan was held in some form of tenancy at the beginning of the twentieth century who had played a crucial role in promoting the diffusion of traditional best practice techniques now lost interest in rural affairs and turned their attention to industrial activities.Tenants also found their interests disregarded by the national authorities in Tokyo, who were increasingly foc apply on supplying cheap foodstuffs to the burgeoning industrial belt by promoting agricultural production within the empire that it was assembling through military victories. Japan secured Taiwan from China in 1895, and formally brought Korea under its imperial rule in 1910 upon the heels of its successful war a constructst Russia in 1904-05. Tenant unions reacted to this callous negligence of their needs through violence. Landlord/tenant disputes broke out in the early 1920s, and continued to plague Japan politically throughout the mid-thirties, calls for land reform and bureaucratic proposals for reform being rejected by a Diet (Japans legislature) politically dominated by landlords.Japans military expansionJapans thrust to imperial expansion was aggravate by the growing instability of the geopolitical and internatio nal tack regime of the later 1920s and early 1930s. The relative decline of the United Kingdom as an economic power doomed a gold standard regime tied to the British pound. The United States was becoming a potential contender to the United Kingdom as the backer of a gold standard regime but its long history of high tariffs and isolationism deterred it from winning over leadership in promoting global trade openness. Germany and the Soviet Union were increasingly becoming industrial and military giants on the Eurasian land mass committed to ideologies hostile to the self-aggrandizing democracy championed by the United Kingdom and the United States. It was against this international backdrop that Japan began aggressively staking out its claim to being the dominant military power in East Asia and the Pacific, thereby bringing it into conflict with the United States and the United Kingdom in the Asian and Pacific theaters after the world slipped into global warfare in 1939.Reform and Reconstruction in a New International Economic Order, Japan after origination War II Postwar affair economic and institutional restructuring Surrendering to the United States and its allies in 1945, Japans economy and infrastructure was revamped under the S.C.A.P (Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers) Occupation lasting through 1951. As Nakamura (1995) points out, a variety of Occupation-sponsored reforms transformed the institutional environment conditioning economic performance in Japan.The major zaibatsu were liquidated by the Holding Company Liquidation Commission focalise up under the Occupation (they were revamped as keiretsu corporate groups mainly tied together through cross-shareholding of stock in the aftermath of the Occupation) land reform wiped out landlordism and gave a strong push to agricultural productivity through mechanization of rice cultivation and collective bargaining, largely illegal under the Peace saving Act that was used to suppress union organizing during the interwar period, was given the imprimatur of constitutional legality. Finally, education was opened up, partially through making middle school compulsory, partly through the creation of national universities in each of Japans forty-six prefectures.Improvement in the social capability for economic growthIn short, from a domestic point of view, the social capability for importing and adapting foreign technology was improved with the reforms in education and the fillip to competition given by the dissolution of the zaibatsu. adjudicate tension between rural and urban Japan through land reform and the establishment of a rice price support program that guaranteed farmers incomes equal to blue collar industrial workers also contributed to the social capacity to absorb foreign technology by suppressing the political divisions between metropolitan and hinterland Japan that plagued the nation during the interwar years.Japan and the postwar international orderThe revamped inter national economic order contributed to the social capability of importing and adapting foreign technology. The instability of the 1920s and 1930s was replaced with replaced with a relatively predictable bipolar world in which the United States and the Soviet Union opposed each other in both geopolitical and ideological arenas. The United States became an architect of multilateral architecture designed to encourage trade through its sponsorship of the United Nations, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and the normal Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (the predecessor to the World Trade Organization). Under the logic of building military alliances to contain Eurasian Communism, the United States brought Japan under its nuclear umbrella with a bilateral protective covering treaty. American companies were encouraged to license technology to Japanese companies in the new international environment. Japan redirected its trade away from the areas that had been incorporated into t he Japanese Empire before 1945, and towards the huge and expanding American market.Miracle Growth Soaring Domestic Investment and Export Growth, 1953-1970 Its infrastructure revitalized through the Occupation period reforms, its capacity to import and export enhanced by the new international economic order, and its access to American technology bolstered through its security pact with the United States, Japan experienced the dramatic Miracle Growth between 1953 and the early 1970s whose sources have been cogently analyzed by Denison and Chung (1976). Especially striking in the Miracle Growth period was the remarkable increase in the rate of domestic fixed capital formation, the rise in the investment proportion being matched by a rising savings rate whose secular increase especially that of private household savings has been well documented and analyzed by Horioka (1991). spot Japan continued to close the gap in income per capita between itself and the United States after the ear ly 1970s, most scholars believe that large Japanese manufacturing enterprises had by and large become internationally competitive by the early 1970s. In this sense it can be said that Japan had completed its nine decade long convergence to international competitiveness through industrialization by the early 1970s.MITIThere is little doubt that the social capacity to import and adapt foreign technology was vastly improved in the aftermath of the Pacific War. Creating social consensus with Land Reform and agricultural subsidies reduced political divisiveness, extending compulsory education and breach up the zaibatsu had a positive impact. Fashioning the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (M.I.T.I.) that took responsibility for overseeing industrial policy is also viewed as facilitating Japans social capability. There is no doubt that M.I.T.I. drove down the cost of securing foreign technology. By intervening between Japanese firms and foreign companies, it acted as a single buyer of technology, acting off competing American and European enterprises in order to reduce the royalties Japanese concerns had to pay on technology licenses. By keeping domestic patent periods short, M.I.T.I. encouraged rapid diffusion of technology.And in some cases the experience of International Business Machines (I.B.M.), enjoying a virtual monopoly in global mainframe computer markets during the 1950s and early 1960s, is a classical case M.I.T.I. made it a condition of entry into the Japanese market (through the creation of a subsidiary Japan I.B.M. in the case of I.B.M.) that foreign companies share many of their technological secrets with potential Japanese competitors. How important industrial policy was for Miracle Growth remains controversial, however. The view of Johnson (1982), who hails industrial policy as a pillar of the Japanese Development State (government promoting economic growth through state policies) has been criticized and revised by subsequent schola rs. The book by Uriu (1996) is a case in point. Internal labor markets, just-in-time inventory and quality control circles Furthering the internalization of labor markets the premium wages and long-term employment guarantees largely confine to white collar workers were extended to blue collar workers with the legalization of unions and collective bargaining after 1945 also raised the social capability of adapting foreign technology.Internalizing labor created a highly flexible labor force in post-1950 Japan. As a result, Japanese workers embraced many of the key ideas of Just-in-Time inventory control and Quality gibe circles in assembly industries, learning how to do rapid machine setups as part and parcel of an effort to produce components just-in-time and without defect. Ironically, the ideas of just-in-time and quality control were originally developed in the United States, just-in-time methods being pioneered by supermarkets and quality control by efficiency experts like W . Edwards Deming. Yet it was in Japan that these concepts were relentlessly pursued to overturn assembly line industries during the 1950s and 1960s.Ultimate causes of the Japanese economic miracleMiracle Growth was the completion of a protracted historical process involving enhancing human capital, massive accumulation of physical capital including infrastructure and private manufacturing capacity, the importation and adaptation of foreign technology, and the creation of scale economies, which took decades and decades to realize. Dubbed a miracle, it is best seen as the reaping of a bountiful product whose seeds were painstakingly planted in the six decades between 1880 and 1938. In the course of the nine decades between the 1880s and 1970, Japan amassed and lost a sprawling empire, reorienting its trade and geopolitical stance through the twists and turns of history. While the ultimate sources of growth can be ferreted out through some form of statistical accounting system, the specific way these sources were marshaled in practice is inseparable from the history of Japan itself and of the global environment within which it has realized its industrial destiny.Appendix Sources of Growth Accounting and Quantitative Aspects of Japans redbrick Economic Development One of the attractions of studying Japans post-1880 economic development is the abundance of quantitative data documenting Japans growth. Estimates of Japanese income and output by sector, capital stock and labor force extend back to the 1880s, a period when Japanese income per capita was low. Consequently statistical probing of Japans long-run growth from relative poverty to abundance is possible.The remainder of this appendix is devoted to introducing the reader to the vast literature on quantitative analysis of Japans economic development from the 1880s until 1970, a nine decade period during which Japanese income per capita converged towards income per capita levels in Western Europe. As the read er will see, this discussion confirms the importance of factors discussed at the outset of this article. Our initial touchstone is the excellent sources of growth accounting analysis carried out by Denison and Chung (1976) on Japans growth between 1953 and 1971. Attributing growth in national income in growth of inputs, the factors of production capital and labor and growth in output per unit of the two inputs combined (total factor productivity) along the following lines G(Y) = a G(K) + 1-a G(L) + G (A)where G(Y) is the (annual) growth of national output, g(K) is the growth rate of capital services, G(L) is the growth rate of labor services, a is capitals share in national income (the share of income accruing to owners of capital), and G(A) is the growth of total factor productivity, is a standard climb up used to approximate the sources of growth of income. Using a variant of this type of decomposition that takes into account improvements in the quality of capital and labor, estimates of scale economies and adjustments for structural change (shifting labor out of agriculture helps explain why total factor productivity grows), Denison and Chung (1976) generate a useful set of estimates for Japans Miracle Growth era.Operating with this sources of growth approach and proceeding under a variety of plausible assumptions, Denison and Chung (1976) estimate that of Japans average annual real national income growth of 8.77 % over 1953-71, input growth accounted for 3.95% (accounting for 45% of total growth) and growth in output per unit of input contributed 4.82% (accounting for 55% of total growth). To be sure, the precise assumptions and techniques they use can be criticized. The precise mathematical results they arrive at can be argued over. Still, their general point that Japans growth was the result of improvements in the quality of factor inputs health and education for workers, for instance and improvements in the way these inputs are utilized in prod uction due to technological and organizational change, reallocation of resources from agriculture to non-agriculture, and scale economies, is defensible.Notes a Maddison (2000) provides estimates of real income that take into account the purchasing power of national currencies. b Ohkawa (1979) gives estimates for the N sector that is defined as manufacturing and mining (Ma) plus construction plus facilitating industry (transport, communication theory and utilities). It should be noted that the concept of an N sector is not standard in the field of economics. c The estimates of trade are obtained by adding merchandise imports to merchandise exports. Trade openness is estimated by taking the ratio of total (merchandise) trade to national output, the latter defined as Gross Domestic Product (G.D.P.).The trade figures include trade with Japans empire (Korea, Taiwan, Manchuria, etc.) the income figures for Japan exclude income generated in the empire. d The Human Development Index is a composite variable formed by adding together indices for educational attainment, for health (using life foretaste that is inversely related to the level of the infant mortality rate, the IMR), and for real per capita income. For a detailed discussion of this index see United Nations Development Programme (2000). e electric generation is measured in million kilowatts generated and supplied. For 1970, the figures on NHK subscribers are for television subscribers. The symbol n.a. = not available. Sources The figures in this table are taken from various pages and tables in Japan Statistical Association (1987), Maddison (2000), Minami (1994), and Ohkawa (1979).Flowing from this table are a number of points that bear lessons of the Denison and Chung (1976) decomposition. One cluster of points bears upon the timing of Japans income per capita growth and the relationship of manufacturing expansion to income growth. Another highlights improvements in the quality of the labor input. Yet an other points to the overriding importance of domestic investment in manufacturing and the lesser significance of trade demand. A fourth group suggests that infrastructure has been important to economic growth and industrial expansion in Japan, as exemplified by the figures on electricity generating capacity and the mass diffusion of communications in the form of radio and television broadcasting. Several parts of Table 1 point to industrialization, defined as an increase in the proportion of output (and labor force) attributable to manufacturing and mining, as the driving force in explaining Japans income per capita growth. Notable in Panels A and B of the table is that the gap between Japanese and American income per capita closed most decisively during the 1910s, the 1930s, and the 1960s, precisely the periods when manufacturing expansion was the most vigorous.Equally noteworthy of the spurts of the 1910s, 1930s and the 1960s is the overriding importance of crude(a) domestic fixe d capital formation, that is investment, for growth in demand. By contrast, trade seems much less important to growth in demand during these critical decades, a point emphasized by both Minami (1994) and by Ohkawa and Rosovsky (1973). The notion that Japanese growth was export led during the nine decades between 1880 and 1970 when Japan caught up technologically with the leading Western nations is not defensible. Rather, domestic capital investment seems to be the driving force behind aggregate demand expansion. The periods of especially intense capital formation were also the periods when manufacturing production soared. Capital formation in manufacturing, or in infrastructure supporting manufacturing expansion, is the main agent pushing long-run income per capita growth.Why? As Ohkawa and Rosovsky (1973) argue, spurts in manufacturing capital formation were associated with the import and adaptation of foreign technology, especially from the United States These investment spurts we re also associated with shifts of labor force out of agriculture and into manufacturing, construction and facilitating sectors where labor productivity was far higher than it was in labor-intensive farming centered around labor-intensive rice cultivation. The logic of productivity gain due to more efficient allocation of labor resources is apparent from the right hand column of Panel A in Table 1. Finally, Panel C of Table 1 suggests that infrastructure investment that facilitated health and educational attainment (combined public and private expenditure on sanitation, schools and research laboratories), and public/private investment in physical infrastructure including dams and hydroelectric power grids helped fuel the expansion of manufacturing by improving human capital and by reducing the costs of transportation, communications and energy supply faced by private factories.Mosk (2001) argues that investments in human-capital-enhancing (medicine, public health and education), fina ncial (banking) and physical infrastructure (harbors, roads, power grids, railroads and communications) laid the groundwork for industrial expansions. Indeed, the social capability for importing and adapting foreign technology emphasized by Ohkawa and Rosovsky (1973) can be largely explained by an infrastructure-driven growth hypothesis like that given by Mosk (2001). In sum, Denison and Chung (1976) argue that a combination of input factor improvement and growth in output per combined factor inputs account for Japans most rapid spurt of economic growth. Table 1 suggests that labor quality improved because health was enhanced and educational attainment increased that investment in manufacturing was important not only because it increased capital stock itself but also because it reduced dependence on agriculture and went hand in manus with improvements in knowledge and that the social capacity to absorb and adapt Western technology that fueled improvements in knowledge was associate d with infrastructure investment.ReferencesDenison, Edward and William Chung. Economic Growth and Its Sources. In Asias Next Giant How the Japanese Economy Works, redact by Hugh Patrick and Henry Rosovsky, 63-151. Washington, DC Brookings Institution, 1976. Horioka, Charles Y. Future Trends in Japans Savings Rate and the Implications Thereof for Japans External Imbalance.Japan and the World Economy 3 (1991) 307-330. Japan Statistical Association. Historical Statistics of Japan Five Volumes. Tokyo Japan Statistical Association, 1987. Johnson, Chalmers. MITI and the Japanese Miracle The Growth of Industrial Policy, 1925-1975. Stanford Stanford University Press, 1982. Maddison, Angus. Monitoring the World Economy, 1820-1992. genus Paris Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2000. Minami, Ryoshin. Economic Development of Japan A Quantitative Study. Second edition. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire Macmillan Press, 1994. Mitchell, Brian. International Historical Stati stics Africa and Asia. New York New York University Press, 1982. Mosk, Carl. Japanese Industrial History Technology, Urbanization, and Economic Growth. Armonk, New York M.E. Sharpe, 2001. Nakamura, Takafusa. The Postwar Japanese Economy Its Development and Structure, 1937-1994. Tokyo University of Tokyo Press, 1995. Ohkawa, Kazushi. Production Structure. In Patterns of Japanese Economic Development A Quantitative Appraisal, edited by Kazushi Ohkawa and Miyohei Shinohara with Larry Meissner, 34-58. New Haven Yale UniversityPress, 1979. Ohkawa, Kazushi and Henry Rosovsky. Japanese Economic Growth Trend Acceleration in the Twentieth Century. Stanford, CA Stanford University Press, 1973. Smith, Thomas. Native Sources of Japanese Industrialization, 1750-1920. Berkeley University of calcium Press, 1988. Uriu, Robert. Troubled Industries Confronting Economic Challenge in Japan. Ithaca Cornell University Press, 1996. United Nations Development Programme. Human Development Report, 2000. New York Oxford University Press, 2000. Citation Mosk, Carl. Japan, Industrialization and Economic Growth. EH.Net Encyclopedia, edited by Robert Whaples. January 18, 2004. universal resource locator http//eh.net/encyclopedia/article/mosk.japan.final

Impact of Beliefs on Learning | Essay

Impact of Beliefs on Learning EssayCPPDIntroductionReflection has depart a fundamental component of professional development of teachers and lecturers in the Further Education (FE) and Higher Education (HE) heavens (Harkin, 2005). The womb-to-tomb skill sector can be seen to transcend both these paradigms and contexts of post-compulsory learning. This essay addresses some key elements of reflecting upon the experience of a teacher in Beauty Therapy at bottom the lifelong learning sector, addressing the intersection mingled with the personal and experiential and the theoretical/pedagogical aspects of the role and its function.Teaching roles and context deep down the lifelong learning sectorTeaching roles within the lifelong learning sector seem to be subsumed to the kind of command, the kind of subject, and the kind of learner (Zukas, 2006), a three-way relationship which I charter observed to be maybe more(prenominal) negotiated upon a day to day basis than founded in o ne single pedagogical theory or framework. It is not subject that within the lifelong learning sector, there seems to be a crossover between the vocational type of education, and more traditional teaching, and in particular, these roles of teachers are very ofttimes based on how best to meet student needs. Therefore, it seems that one element of the teaching role within this context is related to learning on the strain or learning through doing (Eraut, 2004), and the becoming element of the process of becoming a teacher in this context is a response to the demands of the job, rather than a formal process which prepares you to carry out the role. While this might run against the theories of pedagogy, being a untold more personal take on what the teaching role is, it is based on perceptions of professional identity as well as an understanding of dominant concepts of the role in a formal consciousness (Beckett and Gough, 2004). Austerlitz and James (2008) describe the emotional jou rneys that students go through in further education as a process of cognition through which emotions attend students to appraise situations and develop knowledge and understanding.This may be an grand perspective to consider within the lifelong learning sector, because of the range of types of students and types of subjects that are prevalent within this sector. There is no single student demographic, no single approach to pedagogy, no one-size-fits-all model of teaching and learning. Bathmaker and Avis (2005) carried out research into professional identity shaping amongst trainee FE lecturers, and found that rather than identifying effective processes of increasing participation in existing communities of exert, a strong sense of marginalisation and alienation amongst trainees was observed (p 47). Bathmaker and Avis (2005) conjure up that this lack of engagement in communities of utilize is detrimental both to trainees and experienced lecturers if they are to actively engage in building new forms of professionalism for the future (p 47). I would draw from this the concept that formal training processes do not necessarily positively contribute to role formation, definition and professional identity, and that learning is much more experiential and interactive. Hagger et al (2008) support this view, and suggest that experiential learning dominates learning of this type.Own teaching role and context within the lifelong learning sectorMy own teaching role is to teach and support students to learn on two levels. The first is to learn the practical skills and abilities of the beauty therapy industry, so that they can become capable, effective practitioners. Beauty therapy is no soft option. In fact, there is a great deal of precision, dexterity and deeper learning involved in getting the skills to function as a therapist. The second element of the learning is for students to develop knowledge and understanding of the body, of health, of individuals and their holistic wellbeing, in order to contextualise the activities that they carry out within their roles, and to be able to provide suitable treatments, therapies and the like to appropriate clients. The third element of the role is to support students to develop the communication and interaction skills necessary to be able to bring together knowledge and practical skill into their own professional role and identity, and work effectively as a therapist within a team. My role within this setting is to teach, but also to facilitate learning, raise difficult issues, support students to resolve complex questions, and act as a role model. Part of my role is to assess practical activities, and then provide feedback so that students can learn from their experiences and learn to improve their own practice through manifestation and evaluation (Edwards and Nicoll, 2006 Solomon et al, 2006). My role also involves becoming more aware of the impact of my role on the students, and attempt to be as p ricy a teacher as I can be. More and more, however, my role involves other activities, including administration, engaging in marketing and recruitment activities, and looking for new topics and computer program developments (Chivers, 2006).Impact of own beliefs, assumptions and behaviours on learners and othersMy own beliefs about learning affect not only the learners who I interact with, but also their interactions with others, particularly clients. I believe that my own actions, reflections, and the way I respond to emergent situations within the teaching context are likely to affect the students and how they learn as much as the formal, planned learning activities I provide for them. It is through reflection on my actions as a teacher that I have realised that reflection itself becomes a reflexive process, which changes the way I behave and react to students, which then changes their responses to me.Austerlitz and James (2008) have developed a model which describes and captures PPD statements which are utilise in the further and higher education sectors (see Figure 1).Figure 1 PPD Model (after Austerlitz and James, 2008).This model encompasses many of my own beliefs about the ways in which students interact with their learning processes, and in particular, how they respond to my teaching and learning activities. Every aspect of learning must have an emotional element, and to exclude this from pedgagogical processes and theories is to overlook important aspects of how students learn and how they behave when applying that learning. Yet there is some evidence that current perceptions of teaching roles within the FE sector are also changing (Thompson and Robinson, 2008). I believe that the Austerlitz and James (2008) model could provide a means by which students could themselves identify the emotional elements of their learning and address this, through reflection, in proactive ways.Impact of own professional, personal and interpersonal skills, including lite racy, numeracy and ICT skills on learners and others.I have used a range of teaching approaches, including some innovative use of ICTs, including victimisation ICTs to make posters and mind maps, to encourage the application of new knowledge and exploration of complex situations. These have had a positive effect on some students who relate well to ICTs, particularly younger students, and have also helped students who are more visual learners. However, in relation to professionalism, I think it is my professional skills and experience which have positively impacted on students development of awareness and understanding of the complex interactions between beauty therapist and client. The current social construction of beauty, particularly in relation to ageing, raises issues about client experiences and emotional/psychological wellbeing (Paulson, 2008 Radley, 2000). Students need to understand the emotions and thoughts which underlie the desire that women have for the different kinds of beauty therapies, and be able to interact in a credible way with clients and meet their requests in appropriate ways. My own professionalism helps this because I set a good example, exemplify proper(a) interactions, and support students to address often challenging issues such as intimacy, privacy, body-image and the like.ConclusionOverall, the most important aspect of my role as an educator is as a role model, and not simply as a role model of good communications behaviours or good practical skills, but as a questioning, reflective, responsibly practitioner, who sees clients as individuals, not just in relation to their treatments. It is important not to simply perpetuate traditional ways of working, but to question practice and the self in the professional context, and by acting as a reflective practitioner myself, I can encourage my students to develop similar skills and perhaps become better professionals because of it.ReferencesAusterlitz, N. and James, A. (2008) Reflection s on emotional journeys a new perspective for reading fashion students PPD statements. Art, Design and Communication in Higher Education 6 (3) 209 219.Chivers, G. (2006) The work roles and development needs of vocational lifelong learning professionals in British higher education. Journal of European Industrial Training 30 (3) 166-187.Zukas, M. (2006) pedagogic learning in the pedagogic workplace educators lifelong learning and learning futures. International Journal of Pedagogies and Learning 2 (3) 71-80.

The National Curriculum In Primary Schools

The National Curriculum In capital SchoolsThe aim of this identification is to discuss the trends policy that took place in primary education from 1988 and 1997. The assignment will start with scrutinyining the rationale behind the changes introduced in those years. Then it will look at the changes themselves. The last section will talk about the favours and disadvantages of those changes. It should be mentioned from the outset that I will non be mentioning reforms related to secondary and higher education, even though they came at the same time as the Primary enlightens.The term educational provision refers to the use of the equipment or tools with the intention of providing knowledge and skills, and includes things much(prenominal)(prenominal) as such as, classroom, textbook, chairs, pens/pencils and m each more for students. learning is about the knead of learning where knowledge, skills and information is transmitted. Yero (2002) believes that education is a procedure of improving the students or pupils knowledge, skills and character. So education enkindle help to reduce inequality in society.In the United Kingdom, this concept of eliminating inequality was at the base of changes in education policy. Prior to 1988, education in the United Kingdom was completely different. The decision of the political platform contents was in the hands of schools, with unearthly education being the only subject which was compulsory. This means that pupils had different attainment directs due to following different programmes. breeding was ruled by the 1944 Education Act which handed the administration of schools and the formulation of school policies to local anaesthetic authorities the only exception being Section 1 where control and direction of education were presumption to the Secretary of State. In fact, in the 1944 Education Act, the role of the Department of Education and Science was simply promotional and not one of giving direction, which means they could not supervise local authorities policies. This Act also fixed the age of leaving school at 15 and instituted free secondary education for all pupils.However it was noticed that the standard attained in basic skills by the UK population was low and poor comp ared to well-nigh different European countries, and this could not satisfy the country home(a) economic necessarily (Department of Education, 2011). To solve the problem raised by the falling standard, the Conservative Government came with the 1988 Education Act, sometimes referred to as the Kennet Baker reform which instituted a standardisation of all school programmes, and brought four main changes with a view to bringing back the level (Young, 2008).The first change was the introduction of the National Curriculum, which defines four Key dresss, moving from Key full point 1 to Key Stage 4. In primary schools, cardinal Key Stages, 1 and 2 were identified Key Stage 1 for Year 1 and 2 up to age 7 Key Stage 2 for Yea rs 3 to 6, meaning age 7 to age 11. Later on, a Foundation Stage which concerns children aged 3 up to response year was introduced.The National Curriculum came with a new terminology related to two types of school subjects, core subjects and Foundation subjects. In Primary schools, that is Key Stage 1 and Key Stage 2, the curriculum consists of the following subjects English, Maths, science, information and communication technology (ICT), history, geography, art and design, music, design and technology (DT) and Physical Education. This was supplemented by the literacy and numeracy reforms in the nineties taught everyday to improve children standard in those skills. Another change in the curriculum was the introduction foreign languages for children aged 7. This curriculum was later reconsidered for improvement.One advantage of National Curriculum is that all children in England and Wales have the same education programmes, and this makes comparison of levels easier and the transfe r of children from one school to another is made easy. Actually the matter Curriculum contains all the topics to be taught, in terms of knowledge, skills and expectations at the end of each key stage it also determines how assessment has to proceed.The second change had to do with assessment of pupils. Here national standard tests such as SATs at age 11 (Standard Assessment tasks, and later Standard Attainment Tasks) were put in place, not only to assess whether they are up to the national standard expected, but also to put strategies in place to ensure improvement in those children learning. This led to the National Curriculum Council (NCC) as an advisory service to the secretary of State in matters related to the curriculum, and the School Examinations and Assessment Council (SEAC) in charge of assessments.The trine change affected the administration of schools. As mentioned above, prior to 1988, Education administration was handled by local authorities. In capital of the United Kingdom, for example it was in the hands of the Inner London Education dresser (ILEA), which was created in 1965, while outer London schools were directed by county councils and borough councils. The Education Reform Act of 1988 gave part to schools to opt out of local authority control and be funded by central government, so that schools could manage their own finances. The Local guidance of Schools meant that the role of head teachers included budget management as well (Powell and Edwards, 2003). This was the beginning of Grant maintained schools, which were later replaced by foundation schools. This led to the abolition of the Local Education Authority.The forth change pertain the creation of a league table where people could go and compare the performance of different schools. It was hoped that such a table would push schools to compete, and therefore earmark better education to children.In 1993, another education act came into place. It aimed at increasing the physical b ody of Grant Maintained Schools it replaced the NCC and SEAC with School Curriculum and Assessment Authority so that the curriculum content could be controlled by the government more power was given over to headteacher in their exclusion decisions of unruly pupils changes were introduced for pupils with special educational of necessity and the establishment of referral units. An inspection body called Ofsted came into existence to inspect schools in LEAS. Finally the SCAA and NCVQ formed the QCA.In 1997, the Labour Government introduced another reform. The Government introduced specialist schools such as Business, Sport schools so as to diversify education and the types of schools. So doing parents could have a variety of choices to make for their children. Failing schools were reopened under academies administered by churches or businesses. In deprived areas, the Government created Education Action zone in order to help improve education standard in those areas. Parents were given power and a voice to decide on the choice of schools for their children they were given power to be represented in the school governing body. Further, a system of exam league table was introduced where parents could easily spot schools that are doing well, and those falling behind. Be it as it may, parents had the duty to ensure that their children attend schools. School funding was linked to the number of pupils a school had in its roll. The implication was that schools had to compete to improve their performance so as to attract parents and their children, and thus good funding as well. This is termed the foodstuff reform introduced by Conservative governments in the 1980s and 1990s, where schools were seen as a service and the parents and children as the clients. As a matter fact, education should provide determine forms of knowledge and equip children for life (James and Pollard, 2012)In the 1997 White Paper, Excellence in Schools, the rights of parents to information were ex tended including sending them the child progress annual report, their part in the inspection process, annual meeting, allowing them to have access to the childs school record. Schools were further obliged to publish an annual report about their management and a prospectus. Teachers were also given power to restrain pupilsBy so, doing the government, say the Department of Education gained new power, because they are in charge of the school curriculum, not the local authorities any more, the types of tests to administer to pupils, the types of qualifications to be awarded, the funding to give to schools, the nomination of members of the National Curriculum Council to plan the curriculum. The approval of schools that want to opt out, the change of school status is given by the State Secretary, even though the involvement of parents should be sought for. He has the administration of grants. The role of head teachers also changed as they became budget managers as well.The question one mi ght ask at this point is to know whether those reforms were successful. Two views can be expressed here. On the one hand, the introduction of the national Curriculum should be appreciated, because it helps to have children expected to have the same knowledge and skills. The tests would help schools to work hard to improve their results, and research has revealed that more people are now going to university. The league table gives a better view to parents as to which school is doing better, so make an informed choice of schools for their children. On the other hand, it would appear that testing is not good enough to assess the performance of schools, and learning should not be limited to passing tests. With the league table, teaching has turn into preparing pupils to pass exams, and not a preparation for life. The league table has also been criticised as it ignores some areas such as Art and sport. Further, the league tables make some schools more popular than others, and this raise s difficulties for some parents to get a school of their choice for their children.Ball (2006) examined the concepts of markets in the context of education only to find that more needs to be discussed, and that such concepts as competition, supply and demand, producer and consumer behaviour, privatisation and commodification, values and ethics and distributional outcomes should be addresses as there is a paucity of research in this field.In Primary schools, teachers complained of the increased workload imposed by the National Curriculum, especially at the end of Key Stage 2 with the preparation of SATs, and this mince to Dearing Report which brought the load down by 20% (Alexander, 2012). The system of inspection also came into fire by various teachers unions who find the Ofsted as a problem, not a solution. Another problem concerned the introduction of foreign language teaching at age 7. This raised problems in a country such as the United kingdom where secondary schools teach var ious languages, French, German, Spanish. So a child could learn one language in primary school and have a different language in secondary schools. This means there will be no continuity as noted by the Guardian (2012). The structure of Key Stage 2 has also been criticized as it takes four years which the Framework for the National Curriculum found too unyielding (DE, 2011).To conclude, it can be said that there have been one main Education reform Act, the 1988, and many education acts from 1988 to 1997. The changes in educational policies in those reforms can be regrouped in three categories changes to do with centralisation, as education moved from local authorities to the government with the introduction of the National Curriculum assessment by outcomes with the use of national assessment and the establishment of league-tables to compare the performance of different schools, and the quasi-market reform where schools are the manufacturers and children and their parents as consumer s who have choices to make between different schools.In primary schools, the reforms could be noticed with the introduction of Key Stages 1 and 2, the national Curriculum with Maths, English and science as core subjects, while others were considered as foundations and religious study as statutory, the introduction of SATs and the literacy and numeracy strategies.

Using Lime As A Construction Material

Using spread As A Construction MaterialLime is a material comprising more or less(prenominal) physical and chemical fakes low which calcium and/or magnesium oxide (CaO and MgO) and/or hydroxide (Ca(OH)2 and Mg(OH)2) bum appear. Lime plays an important role as a winding material. The of import uses of unslaked spread out tree be as followsIn crack treatment and stabilization to provide a platform for heavy construction such as roads, earthen dams, give ventfields, and building foundations.As an additive in asphalt, linden improves the cohesion of asphalt, reduces stripping, and retards the aging carry through.As a binder in the reapingions of bricks, aircrete, fire resistant board and concrete.Lime is too a key ingredient in mortar and plaster over.BUILDING LIME STANDARDFor the preparation of mortar for masonry, rendering and plastering and production of other construction products victimization spread is outlined on BS EN 459-1.2.1. BUILDING LIME TERMINOLOGYAir fluxing limes limes mainly consisting of calcium oxide or hydroxide which slowly normalize in air by reacting with atmospheric cytosine dioxide. Generally they do not harden beneath peeing as they withstand no hydraulic properties. They whitethorn be either slaked limes or supply limes. calxs air limes mainly consisting of calcium oxide and magnesium oxide god by calcinations of limestone and/or dolomite rock. They have an exothermic chemical reaction when in contact with water. They are offered in varying sizes ranging from lumps to ground powder materials. They include calcium limes and dolomitic limes.hydrated limes air limes, calcium limes or dolomitic limes, resulting from the controlled slaking of lindens. They are produced in the form of a wry powder or putty or as a slurry.Calcium limes limes mainly consisting of calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide without any additions of hydraulic or pozzolanic materialsDolomitic limes limes mainly consisting of calcium oxide an d magnesium oxide or calcium hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide without any additions of hydraulic or pozzolanic materials.Natural hydraulic limes (NHL) limes produced by burning of more or less argillaceous or siliceous limestones with reduction to powder by slaking with or without grinding. They have the property of setting and hardening under water. Atmospheric carbon dioxide contributes to the hardening processhydraulic limes limes mainly consisting of calcium hydroxide, calcium silicates and calcium aluminates produced by mixing of suitable materials. They have the property of setting and hardening under water. Atmospheric carbon dioxide contributes to the hardening process2.2. CLASSIFICATIONAir limes shall be classified according to their (CaO + MgO) content and hydraulic limes according to their compressive strength given in Table 1.SOIL TREATMENT STABILISATION USING LIMELime can be used to treat discolourations in order to improve their workability and load-bearing characte ristics in a number of situations. Quicklime is frequently used to dry wet soils at construction offices and elsewhere, reducing downtime and providing an improved working surface. An compensate more significant use of lime is in the modification and stabilization of soil beneath road and similar construction projects. Lime can substantially increase the stability, impermeability, and load-bearing capacity of the subgrade. Both quicklime and hydrated lime may be used for this purpose. Application of lime to subgrades can provide significantly improved engineering properties. Lime is an excellent choice for short-term modification of soil properties. Lime can modify almost all fine-grained soils, but the most significant improvement occurs in body soils of moderate to high plasticity. limiting occurs because calcium cations supplied by hydrated lime replace the cations normally present on the surface of the clay mineral, promoted by the high pH environment of the lime-water syst em. Thus, the clay surface mineralogy is altered, producing the following benefitsPlasticity reductionReduction in moisture-holding capacity (drying)Swell reductionImproved stability andAbility to construct a unanimous working platform.Soil stabilization occurs when lime is added to a reactive soil to generate long-term strength gain through a pozzolanic reaction. This reaction produces motionless calcium silicate hydrates and calcium aluminate hydrates as the calcium from the lime reacts with the aluminates and silicates solubilized from the clay. The full-term pozzolanic reaction can continue for a very long period of time, level off decades as long as enough lime is present and the pH remains high (above 10). LIME IN MORTARSLime in one form or another has been a binder in mortars for centuries, well before cement was invented. Lime today is still used as the primary binder in many mixes. commonly in the form of lime putty or Hydraulic lime. Hydrated lime is used in modern c ement establish mortars mainly for its properties as a plasticiser.Lime mortar has important characteristics. These areHigh workabilityWater retentivity very high. This makes it particularly suitable for use with some applications.The lime in the mortar improves adhesion (bonding strength) and reduces rain penetration. ( in that locationby reduces frost damage to unprotected masonry wall tops)In mortars containing lime, carbon dioxide dissolves in water and reacts with lime to produce insoluble calcium carbonate crystals. These crystals form in spaces such as cracks and grow, thereby sealing the cracks. This self-sealing characteristic reduces water penetration and increases durability. Especially in areas where masonry work is prone to frost damage. The rate of carbonation is dependent upon several environmental conditions.High plasticity, which allows the user to produce a flexible masonry structure, capable of contending with movement resulting from both, thermic and moisture con tent changes without cracking. Movement joints are not necessitate since the lime mortar can absorb the expansion. This reduction in the risk of cracking reduces problems associate with water penetration.Lime mortar has a lower structural strength than Portland cement but it insures a lasting durability, as many old historical building and medieval castles prove.TYPES OF LIME USED IN MORTARSAir LimeAir Lime gains strength slowly, by combining with atmospheric carbon dioxide to form calcium carbonate (as per the lime cycle). Air Lime, or high calcium lime does not have any hydraulic component. It can be quicklime for slaking or hydrated lime. Several grades of Air Lime are identified in EN459-1 the European specimen for Building Lime.Hydrated limeHydrated lime is NOT hydraulic lime and will not set in contact with water hydrated lime is added to cement mixes to give the benefits listed above under Benefits of exploitation lime mortars.CL90 Q CL90 SGrades of air lime for buildin g as described in EN459 the European standard for Building Lime. CL90 Q is the purest grade of building quicklime and CL90 S is the purest grade of hydrated lime for building. Several grades of air lime are identified in EN459 the European standard for Building Lime.Lime with Hydraulic PropertiesLime with hydraulic or cementitious properties which will set when exposed to moisture. Several grades of Lime with Hydraulic Properties are identified in EN459-1 the European standard for Building Lime.Natural Hydraulic Lime (NHL)Hydraulic lime which does not contain any writ of execution enhancing additives. Its properties are as a result of the mineralogy of the calcium carbonate stone which is quarried for burning. speculate LimeLime with Hydraulic Properties based on NHL or Air Lime, which is a designer blend of constituents from a designated list. Formulated Lime may contain cement or clinker, pozzolana, ground granulated blast furnace slag or other performance enhancing additives. It is blended to give the required performance characteristics. Any additions are identified by the manufacturer.Hydraulic LimeHydraulic binder which can contain many performance enhancing additives, including cement and clinker. There is no requirement for the manufacturer to notify the customer of its composition.PLASTERInternal plastering is used to c everywhere up differences in level and to provide a surface which is suitable for the final decorative finish. The use of lime with cement nowadays provides a quick, strong and easily applied process of coating long-wearing plaster. Other benefits are described as followsThe high water-retentivity of lime based plasters, coupled with their high workability, ensures a nigh(a) bond to the background material.The ability of lime to promote the healing of cracks helps to ensure its durability by reducing water penetration.The high alkalinity of the plaster inhibits the growth of mould and the corrosion of iron and steel.In prevalent th e benefits raised from the addition of lime in the plaster, far outweigh the small increase in raw material costs.AERATED CONCRETE BLOCKSQuicklime is mix with cement, sand, water and aluminium powder to give a slurry which rises and sets to form honeycomb structured blocks which have excellent thermal and sound insulation properties.The heat generated when quicklime reacts with water and the alkaline conditions combined with aluminium powder generates hydrogen bubbles which cause the blocks to rise. The heat generated subsequently causes the slurry to set. The blocks are then heated in an autoclave, which promotes reactions amongst calcium and silicates in the sand or PFA and gives extra strength. Dolomite lime and/or modified quicklime can be added to reduce excessive shrinkage or cracking, an issue which is increasely useful for highly stressed materials, such as busy road junctions.LIME CONCRETELime concrete or limecrete is do by mixing controlled amounts of sand, total, bind er and water.Portland Cement is normally used as the binder, although nowadays hydraulic lime or hydrated lime can too be used. This type of concrete is used all over the world, including almost every type of transport surface from roads, runways, bus and rail tracks to the construction of buildings and even large dams.LIMEWASHLimewash is a traditional method of painting walls with a colour base that allows the masonry to breathe, providing both protection and aesthetic appeal.Limewash is also widely used in agricultural buildings due to its germicidal qualities coupled with its extreme ease of application and low cost.ASPHALTHydrated lime can be used as an additive to hot mix asphalt used for road surfacing. The addition of lime increases the resistance of the asphalt to water stripping, allowing it to maintain strength and provide goodly resistance to heavy stress i.e. for road surfaces prone to regular traffic or congestion. Lime also acts as a mineral filler which increases th e viscosity of the binder, increasing the stiffness, tensile strength, compressive strength and resistance to water stripping.Asphalt is currently used for the majority of road networks throughout the world. Infrastructure is a great deal dependent on the quality of road surfaces, and without its superior materialistic properties, roads would be more hazardous and all types of vehicles would be prone to damages and accidents. (https//www.eula.eu/construction-civil-engineering)Find out more in thetechnical section.AsphaltHot riffle AsphaltHot Mix Asphalt (HMA) is a composite material comprised of two major ingredients join and binder. The aggregate is usually obtained from quarry operations (or through recycling) and the binder is a petroleum product, sometimes occurring naturally but usually the by-product of refining vernacular oil. The function of the binder is to underlyingally coat the aggregate, creating a stable mixture of aggregate and asphalt that can resist numerous st resses induced by thoroughfare traffic and the environment.Asphalt pavements are a crucial part of the UKs strategy for building a high performance transportation network for the future. Asphalt construction is fast and relatively simple it is economical, safe, quiet and the most sustainable solution to the future aspirations of the UK road network. Hydrated lime can be used as a auto-changer that improves performance in ternary ways to create high performance asphalt pavements.The benefits of limeA growing use for hydrated lime, particularly in the United States, is as an additive to the aggregates that can be applied either in a dry or slurry state. Hydrated lime tends to change the surface chemistry or molecular polarity of the aggregate surface, resulting in a stronger adhesion at the interface between the aggregate and asphalt binder. This is a particularly important factor for HMAs which are constantly subjected to changing environmental conditions and traffic wheel loads. The environment plays an important role in t to each one the pavement due to the presence of moisture, the fluctuations in temperature, and the ageing of HMA mixtures. Combining this with the stresses from repeated traffic loads, a physical separation between the asphalt binder and aggregate may get down to occur. As the binder is displaced, moisture moves in to capture the aggregates surface, a process which is known as water stripping or water sensitivity.The performance of an HMA mixture is primarily measured in terms of its resistance to rutting, fatigue, low temperature cracking, and ravelling. The resistance of HMA to these distresses can to some degree be evaluated using performance tests and the measurement of its susceptibility to moisture and temperature.In order to compensate for the problem of moisture damage, many manufacturers use anti-stripping agents, which may include lime. Experience in the US has shown us that lime is currently the most suitable additive for the widest trim of aggregates and asphalts. Hydrated lime addition levels of 1.0 to 1.5% by weight of the aggregate are usually sufficient to reduce water stripping.In addition, hydrated lime added as a mineral filler, has been shown to increase viscosity of the binder, as well as increasing the stiffness, tensile strength, compressive strength and resistance to rutting, all of which increase the durability of the mix. Rutting is permanent deformation of the asphalt, caused when elasticity of the material is exceeded. Unlike most mineral fillers, lime is chemically active preferably than inert. It reacts with the bitumen, removing undesirable components at the same time that its tiny particles disperse throughout the mix, making the pavement more resistant to rutting and fatigue cracking.Hydrated lime also has the ability to reduce cracking that can result from causes other than ageing, such as fatigue at low temperatures. Cracking often occurs due to the formation of microcracks. Th ese microcracks are interfereed and deflected by tiny particles of hydrated lime. Lime tends to reduce cracking more than inactive fillers due to the reaction between the lime and the polar molecules in the asphalt cement, which increases the effective volume of the lime particles by surround them with large organic chains. Consequently, the lime particles are better able to intercept and deflect microcracks, preventing them from growing together into large cracks that can ultimately end in pavement failure.Overall, the broad array of benefits that result from the addition of hydrated lime to HMA work together to produce a superior high performance product. Although the benefits here have been described individually, they all work synergistically, contributing in multiple ways to the improvement of the final product. Synergistic benefits also occur when lime is used in conjunction with polymer modifiers, and recent research has shown that in certain mickle lime and polymers when u sed together can in fact produce improvements greater then each of them used alone.Adding Hydrated Lime to Hot Mix AsphaltHydrated lime can be added to HMA in a number of ways. This can be done as part of a confused filler aggregate or through a separate system. Adding hydrated lime to HMA is a simple process, on which BLA members can advise. A general precept of thumb for the application rate tends to be one percent by weight of the mix, though in cases where severe stripping is anticipated the application may increase.Both powdered hydrated lime and milk of lime meeting the requirements of grammatical cases CL 70, 80 or 90 are most suitable, along with Type S dolomitic limes.The future of Lime in AsphaltHydrated lime has been recognised for many years as the premier asphalt modifier to correct water stripping problems. As its use has grown worldwide (particularly in the US) many other benefits have been identified, both in the laboratory as well as numerous field projects. The need to produce high performance asphalt pavements increases the importance of lime as a multi-functional asphalt modifier. get off professionals and the public demand high performance asphalt pavements and hydrated lime provides an important tool to help meet those demands.CONSERVATION / HERITAGEBuildings pre 1900 would not have been built with cement but with a lime mortar. Therefore in order to conserve these buildings it is essential to use similar materials when doing so. To introduce cement or cementitious mortar would cause decaying due to the difference in chemical composition of cement and inevitably result in irreversible damage. Hydraulic lime mortars, hydraulic lime plasters and renders and lime putty are therefore all used for the restoration of the UK and the majority of Europes built heritage. The restoration of these buildings is often important for surrounding communities, providing them with lasting historical and cultural heritage, prolonging the buildings use as a tourist attraction, and often even increasing the aesthetic appeal of the local area.HOW LIME IS makeWhere it all beginsLimestone / chalk is a naturally occurring mineral that consists principally of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). It occurs widely throughout the world with the UK being no exception. The whole process of making any type of lime all begins back at the limestone quarries.After gaining planning permission to quarry the area, careful surveys and preparation is carried out into posture and drilling holes behind the rock face into which explosives are placed. When detonated, the explosion dislodges up to 30,000 tonnes of stone each time.This is then picked up at the quarry face by huge, mechanised excavators which work along a bench of rock.Typically these benches have rock faces approximately 20 metres high. The excavators then either load the stone into every bit large tipper trucks, each carrying up to 100 tonnes of stone per trip or on to a conveyor system. The limest one / chalk is transported across the quarry to begin its processing.CrushingThe trucks then tip the limestone into a large primary crusher which usually relies on either impact or compression to break the rock. Depending on the size of the feedstone required and the kiln in which it will fed into, the same stone can go through a second and even tertiary crusher to reduce its hatful even barely. The stone is then screened into a wide range of different sizes from 125mm kiln stone all the way down to dust. Some of the stone at this blossom is washed to remove any clay particles that may remain.Kiln zoneThis impact stone is then transferred by conveyors to the lime kilns. The lime burning process within the kilns requires enough heat to be transferred to the limestone in order to decompose the calcium and magnesium carbonates. Heat transfer for lime burning can be shared out into three main stagesPreheating zone-limestone is heated to approximately 800C by channelize contact wi th gases leaving the calcining zone.Calcining zone-fuel is burnt in preheated air from the cooling zone. This produces heat at above 900C and turns limestone into quicklime and CO2.Cooling zone-quicklime leaving the calcining zone at 900C is cooled by direct contact with cooling air.There are currently three distinct types of kiln operating in the UK, these include shaft kilns, rotary kilns and twin shaft repeat electric current regenerative kilns. Each kiln is selected depending on the nature of the feedstone used and the quality of quicklime required.Shaft kilnsResidence time approx 36 hours.Produces medium carbonate / medium reactivity quicklime (Ca0).Used mainly in steel industry processing. Major feed for hydrated lime manufacture.Shaft kilns can use limestone from a negligible of 20mm up to 175mm. Some shaft kilns can be operated on natural gas, liquid and solid fuels. This type of kiln tends to produce medium reactivity quicklime which can then be used in a number of indu strial processes including the manufacture of iron and steel, and aerated concrete blocks. Quicklime from shaft kilns is also processed into hydrated lime (see Hydrate zone). synchronous converter kilnsResidence time approx 5 hours.Extremely flexible processing.Quick change-over to different specifications within 3/4 hours. piteous carbonate grades for stainless steel processing.Can be fired on coal or gas.The rotary kiln consists of a rotating cylinder inclined at an lean of 3 to 4 degrees to the horizontal. Limestone or dolomite is fed into the upper back end, and fuel plus combustion air is fired into the lower front end. The product is then discharged from the kiln into a cooler, where it is used to pre-heat the combustion air. Kilns of this type are usually fed with stone ranging in size from 15mm to 40mm and are fuelled by a range of fuels including coal, petroleum coke, natural gas and recycled materials. They are used to produce dolomitic lime, and highier purity quicklime used for the manufacture of low-carbon steel, fibreglass and healthcare products. Rotary kilns are also used to fire dolomite at high temperature to produce sintered dolomite for the production of dolomitic refractories.Twin Shaft latitude Flow Regenerative kilnsResidence time approx 18 hours.Flexible and controllable.Produces medium and low carbonate / high reactivity quicklime (CaO).Twin shaft operation gives good thermal efficiency.Uses steel industry processing, ground into fine powders for concrete block production and environmental effluent treatment markets.Twin shaft parallel flow regenerative kilns have two inter-connected, vertical shafts which are fired in sequence to achieve excellent energy efficiency. The limestone size used by these kilns is usually between 90mm and 125mm. They are on the whole fuelled by natural gas and produce high reactivity and high purity quicklime which is often used in industrial effluent treatment, domestic sewage treatment, manufacture of ae rated concrete blocks, steelmaking and soil stabilisation.Hydration plantQuicklime can be processed even further into hydrated lime. Depending on the facilities at the quarry, this can occur either on site or by transporting the lime to a separate hydrating plant. A basic hydrating plant consists of four stagesQuicklime handling and crushingHydrationClassificationStorage and despatchSophisticated control and monitoring systems maintain end-product purity, consistency and quality.Flexibility of using quicklime feed from different kilns to give specific characteristics to meet customers requirements.Quicklime can be processed even further into hydrated lime. Depending on the facilities at the quarry, this can occur either on site or by transporting the lime to a separate hydrating plant. A basic hydrating plant consists of four stagesQuicklime handling and crushingHydrationClassificationStorage and despatchHandling and CrushingWhere the removal of impurities in the hydrating plant is not important, the quicklime is often reduced in size using impact breakers. In other circumstances, rolls and jaw crushers, or cone mills may be used.HydrationHydrators usually consist of three main sections prehydrator, hydrator and finishing stage. The plant consists of numerous paddles that help to mix the water and quicklime quickly and efficiently from start to finish. The plant is kept under slight suck to prevent any dust emission throughout the process. The final moisture content of the raw hydrate after the finishing stage is usually about 1%.ClassificationThe raw hydrate is then taken from the hydrator to the classification plant. Depending on the customers specification, the raw hydrate can be adjusted and cut even further to meet their requirements.Storage and despatchFinished products, whether they be dolomitic lime, quicklime or hydrated lime, can be either stored on site prior to dispatch by rail or road, or alternatively can be packed into bags which are then purc hased by a range of customers, including steelmakers, DIY stores and builders merchants.The Application of Lime in BuildingLime is in its original state, calcium carbonate. It is anti-bacterial, resistant to ultra-violet light, and will allow moisture to release from surfaces from the inside out, rather than trapping moisture, as some other modern coatings can do. It allows the moisture in, but unlike other compounds, allows it out again. When worked into a plaster form, lime absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and then forms a strong yet permeable coat of limestone. Lime plasters are known for being very slow-drying, which allows them to gain strength over a few days, rather than setting very quickly. This can allow the lime plaster to be re-worked if necessary.The forms that lime can be used in are as followsLime puttyLime mortar this is lime putty mixed with sand. This can be used to bed in masonry, and is also used in pointing or rendering brickwork, and for general plast ering use.Lime wash this is lime putty diluted in water. This is used to paint inborn and external walls. A pigment can be added to create a colour wash.The National Lime Association recommends adding a small amount of cement with lime and sand in a 129 mix to make a really tough mortar or plaster mix. However, there are several brands offering cement-free ready mixes available on the market, including quicklime which needs Prickly Pear Cactus Gel (Nopal) added as a natural covering agent, and many builders will naturally work to their own mixes, or work with a client or architect on creating the right blend for each specific job.

Personal Growth in Great Expectations :: Free Great Expectations Essays

Personal fruit in Great Expectations   The coming of age novel Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens showed how a young naive boy grew into a gentleman, and slowly ascertained that no matter what happened in his life it couldnt change who he was on the inside. His attitude and personality fluctuated throughout the third main stages of his life.   The first line of the discussion showed Pips simplicity of thought by the way he described his nick establish My fathers family name being Pirrip, and my Christian name Philip, my infant tongue could make of both names nothing longer or to a greater extent explicit than Pip. (Pg.3)   His personality continued in the same stylus until he met the stunning Estella and disturbed cast Havisham. That was the point when his ignorance turned into envy, for all that his life was lacking living with his sister and Joe. He realized how much his family was diametric from that of the rich and wanted nothing more(preno minal) than to be accepted as a gentleman. The night he came home from Estellas he couldnt help but prize of how common Estella would think his family was   Estella would consider Joe, a mere blacksmith how think his boots, and how coarse his hands. I thought how Joe and my sister were there sitting In the kitchen and I had go up up to bed from the kitchen, and how Miss Havisham and Estella neer sat in a kitchen, but were far above the level of such common doings. (Pg.89)   After cerebration of what the higher class would think of his family his get opinion of the Gargerys also shifted. He began to treat them with disrespect and acted as though he were better than them, even Joe, the integrity who had been his closest friend.   When Jaggers announced that there was an extraterrestrial being person who wanted to send Pip to London to become a gentleman, Pip was overwhelmed with excitement and couldnt believe his trance had come true. He felt that this gave him the probability to become the man of Estellas dreams, which was all he could think about.   Pip lived the high life in London he hired a servant and spends more money than he was supposed to.Personal Growth in Great Expectations Free Great Expectations Essays Personal Growth in Great Expectations   The coming of age novel Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens showed how a young simple boy grew into a gentleman, and slowly discovered that no matter what happened in his life it couldnt change who he was on the inside. His attitude and personality fluctuated throughout the three main stages of his life.   The first line of the book showed Pips simplicity of thought by the way he described his nickname My fathers family name being Pirrip, and my Christian name Philip, my infant tongue could make of both names nothing longer or more explicit than Pip. (Pg.3)   His personality continued in the same manner until he met the stunning Estella and disturbed Miss Havisham. That was the point when his ignorance turned into envy, for all that his life was lacking living with his sister and Joe. He realized how much his family was different from that of the rich and wanted nothing more than to be accepted as a gentleman. The night he came home from Estellas he couldnt help but think of how common Estella would think his family was   Estella would consider Joe, a mere blacksmith how think his boots, and how coarse his hands. I thought how Joe and my sister were there sitting In the kitchen and I had come up to bed from the kitchen, and how Miss Havisham and Estella never sat in a kitchen, but were far above the level of such common doings. (Pg.89)   After thinking of what the higher class would think of his family his own opinion of the Gargerys also shifted. He began to treat them with disrespect and acted as though he were better than them, even Joe, the one who had been his closest friend.   When Jagg ers announced that there was an unknown person who wanted to send Pip to London to become a gentleman, Pip was overwhelmed with excitement and couldnt believe his dream had come true. He felt that this gave him the opportunity to become the man of Estellas dreams, which was all he could think about.   Pip lived the high life in London he hired a servant and spends more money than he was supposed to.